Thursday, 5 February 2015

Interview question ( for CSS,PMS.ISSB)

Dear reader today i  want to share with you some of the question and their answer which mostly the interviewers ask in interview. here is some of the question along with their answer before going for an interview prepare your self well , you must have enough knowledge about your field and have some general knowledge .
COMPLETE ISSB INTERVIEW AND DETAILED ANSWERS:
Ques:) Who is the editor of favorite NEWS paper?
Answ:) Publisher:Khawaja Kaleem Ahmed, Editor:Zaffar Abbas DAWN (Newspaper).
Ques:) What is the price of news paper and which part you most read?
Answ:) 19 Rupees National and Entertainment.
Ques:) NEWS stands for?
Answ:) North, East, West, South.
Ques:) What do your father?
Answ:) Buisness.
Ques:) What is your father salary?
Answ:) Approximatelt 80,000.
Ques:) Extract Zakat of your father‘s salary?
Answ:) 2000 from 80,000 /80,000x12=960,000/ 24000 from 960,000.
Ques:) What is your favorite game?
Answ:) Hockey.
Ques:) Why you like this game?
Answ:) Because Hockey is our natinal game and Hockey is a unique sport in the sense that you need each and every guy helping each other and pulling in the same direction to be successful.
Ques:) Who is your best friend ?
Answ:) Genuine,Acceptance,Trustworthy,Respect,Forgiveness,Support,Thoughtful,Listener,Loves every one.
Question Related to Defence Forces:
Ques:) Highest military award of Pakistan?
Answ:)
Established 16 March 1957 [2] (applied retrospectivelyfrom 14 August 1947).
First awarded 16 March 1957 – Indo-Pakistani War of 1947, Captain Muhammad Sarwar, Pakistan army.
Last awarded 15 July 1999 – Kargil War, Havildar Lalak Jan, Pakistan army.
Total awarded 10.
Ques:) Chief of army staff?
Answ:) Raheel Sharif since 29 November 2013.
Ques:) DG ISI name?
Answ:) Lieutenant-General Rizwan Akhtar.
Ques:) DG ISPR name?
Answ:) Director General ISPR Major General Asim Saleem Bajwa.
Ques:) Defence minister name?
Answ:) Khawaja Asif since November 27, 2013.
Ques:) Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee (CJCSC) name?
Answ:) General Rashad Mahmood since November 29, 2013.
Ques:) CHIEF OF NAVAL STAFF name?
Answ:) Admiral Muhammad Zakaullah since 2 October 2014.
Ques:) Vice CHIEF OF NAVAL STAFF Name ?
Answ:) Vice Admiral Muhamamd Shafiq.
Ques:) CO STANDS FOR?
Answ:) COMMANDER/COMMANDANT.
Ques:) Chief Of Air Staff name?
Answ:) Air Chief Marshal Tahir Rafique Butt since March 19, 2012.
Ques:) Vice Chief Of Air Staff name?
Answ:) Air Chf Mrshl Anwar Shamim.
Ques:) CHIEF OF Army STAFF of India name?
Answ:) General Dalbir Singh Suhag since 31 July 2014.
Ques:) Chief of air staff Air of India name?
Answ:) Air Chief Marshal Arup Raha since 31 December 2013.
Ques:) CHIEF OF NAVAL STAFF of India name?
Answ:) Admiral Robin K Dhowan since 17 April 2014.
Answ:) Indo-Pakistani War of 1947:
Answ:) The root of most conflicts and the mutual hatred lies in Kashmir and in the manner in which its political alignment was decided by the two countries following partition in 1947. Kashmir was ruled by a Hindu Maharajah ruling a largely muslim population who tried to make Kashmir an independent state. But following an invasion by Pakistani tribals and some regulars he acceeded to India. Immediately afterwards the First Kashmir War broke out between the two nations over the mountainous region of Kashmir when Indian and Pakistani troops fought against each other. The war lasted for more than a year with both nations making significant advances into each other's territory. As the war was ended by a UN ceasefire, India had managed to secure just under three-fifths of Kashmir and importantly the most fertile part of it including the Kashmir Valley.
Ques:) Indo-Pakistani War of 1965:
Answ:) The Second Kashmir War again involved the issue of Kashmir with Pakistan infiltrating and starting a rebellion in Jammu and Kashmir, India (See Operation Gibraltar) The plan was a non-starter and India reacted by launching a formal attack on Pakistan igniting the war. The war ended in stalemate.
Ques:) Indo-Pakistani War of 1971:
Answ:) The third war was unique in that it did not involve the issue of Kashmir but was entirely about East Pakistan and the crisis brewing there. After months of internal conflict India decided to help the Bengalis in East Pakistan much to the consternation of West Pakistan. Within just a fortnight the Indian Military had decisively defeated Pakistan with the aid of the rebels and forced a surrender upon Pakistan.
Ques:) Indo-Pakistani War of 1999:
Answ:) The latest war, the Kargil War, is considered a minor war though it produced stirring emotions between the two nations involved coming at a time of increased media and electronic coverage. The war ended in a multi-pronged victory for India. The withdrawal of Pakistan from its occupation was seen both as a politico-diplomatic triumph as much as a military success.
Ques:) List the duration of world wars?
Answ:) World War I, which lasted from July 1914 to November 1918.
World War II, also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945.
Ques:) List the Operational awards and Non operational awards of Pakistan?
Answ:)
Opertional Awards:
Nishan-i-Haider.
Hilal-i-Jur’at.
Sitara-i-Jur’at.
Tamgha-i-Jur’at.
Non-Opertional Awards:
Sitara-i-Basalat.
Tamgha-i-Basalat.
Tamgha-i-Khidmat Class I.
Tamgha-i-Khidmat Class II
Tamgha-i-Khidmat Class III.
Ques:) How many soldiers and officers received Nishan-e-Haider?
Answ:)
A Raja Muhammad Sarwar Shaheed 2/1 Punjab Regiment, Pakistan Army Captain 1948 Indo-Pak War 27 July 1948
2 Tufail Mohammad Shaheed Punjab Regiment, Pakistan Army Major 1958 Indo-Pak Border Skirmish 7 August 1958
3 Raja Aziz Bhatti Shaheed 17 Punjab Regiment, Pakistan Army Major 1965 Indo-Pak War 10 September 1965
4 Rashid Minhas Shaheed No. 2 Fighter Conversion Unit, Pakistan Air Force Pilot Officer Pre-1971 Indo-Pak War Hijacking Incident 20 August 1971
5 Rana Shabbir Sharif Shaheed 6 Frontier Force Regiment, Pakistan Army Major 1971 Indo-Pak War 6 December 1971
6 Raja Muhammad Hussain Janjua Shaheed 20 Lancers (Armoured Corps), Pakistan Army Sawar 1971 Indo-Pak War 10 December 1971
7 Muhammad Akram Shaheed 4 Frontier Force Regiment, Pakistan Army Major 1971 Indo-Pak War 5 December 1971
8 Muhammad Mahfuz Shaheed 15 Punjab Regiment, Pakistan Army Lance Naik 1971 Indo-Pak War 17 December 1971
9 Karnal Sher Khan Shaheed Sindh Regiment/12 Northern Light Infantry, Pakistan Army Captain 1999 Indo-Pak Kargil Conflict 7 July 1999
10 Lalak Jan Shaheed 12 Northern Light Infantry, Pakistan Army Havildar 1999 Indo-Pak Kargil Conflict 7 July 1999
Ques:) Who was the first receiver of nishan-e-haider?
Answ:) 16 March 1957 – Indo-Pakistani War of 1947, Captain Muhammad Sarwar, Pakistan army.
Ques:) What is the Motto of Pakistan navy army and air force?
Answ:)
Pakistan Army:
Iman, Taqwa, Jihad fi Sabilillah.
Pakistan Air Force:
Sahrast ke daryast tah-e-bal-o-par-e-mast.
Pakistan Navy:
A silent force to be reckoned with.
Ques:) Compare the Ranks of Pakistan defence forces?
Answ:)
PAKISTAN ARMY RANKS:
01. 2ND LIEUTENANT.
02. LIEUTENANT.
03. CAPTAIN.
04. MAJOR.
05. LIEUTENANT COLONEL.
06. COLONEL.
07. BRIGADIER.
08. MAJOR GENERAL.
09. LIEUTENANT GENERAL.
10. GENERAL.
PAKISTAN NAVY RANKS:
01. MIDSHIPMAN
02. SUB LIEUTENANT (S/Lt).
03. LIEUTENANT (Lt).
04. LIEUTENANT COMMANDER (Lt Cdr).
05. COMMANDER (Cdr).
06. CAPTAIN (Capt).
07. COMMODORE (Cdre).
08. REAR ADMIRAL (RAdm).
09. VICE ADMIRAL (VAdm).
10. ADMIRAL (Adm).
PAKISTAN AIR FORCE RANKS:
01. PILOT OFFICER.
02. FLYING OFFICER.
03. FLIGHT LIEUTENANT.
04. SQUADRON LEADER.
05. WING COMMANDER.
06. GROUP CAPTAIN.
07. AIR COMMODORE.
08. AIR VICE MARSHAL.
09. AIR MARSHAL.
10. AIR CHIEF MARSHAL.
Ques:) What is the coastal line length of Pakistan?
Answ:)
Coastline:
1,046 km (650 mi)
Borders Total:
6,774 km (4,209.2 mi).
Afghanistan:
2,430 km (1,509.9 mi).
China):
523 km (325.0 mi).
India:
2,912 km (1,809.4 mi).
Iran:
909 km (564.8 mi).
Ques:) Why Pakistan navy is called 4 dimensional force?
Answ:) They are defining "dimensions" as area of operations. Most Navies have surface (1st Dimension) and subsurface (2nd Dimension) vehicles. More advanced navies will also have aircraft (3rd Dimension). The 4th dimension in this case is that they also have a Marine force for Land operations.
Ques:) Latest Tank,Warships,Helicopters, Submarine, Aircraft names?
Answ:)
TANKS:
Type 69IIMP.
Type 85-IIAP.
T-80UD.
Al-Zarrar.
Al-Khalid.
WARSHIP:
Alamgir class frigate.
Tariq-class frigate.
Zulfiquar class frigate.
AIRCRAFT:
JF-17 Thunder.
F-16 Fighting Falcon.
Dassault Mirage III.
Dassault Mirage 5.
HELICOPTERS:
Eurocopter Fennec. (Attack helicopter).
Bell AH-1F/S Cobra. (Attack helicopter).
Mil Mi-17. (Transport helicopter).
IAR 330. (utility helicopter).
.
SUBMARINES:
Hashmat class submarine.
Khalid class submarine.
X-Craft.
Ques:) Supreme commander of Pakistan name is?
Answ:) President of pakistan.
Ques:) Yumme Takbeer celebrated on?
Answ:) Youm-e-Takbir is celebrated as a national day in Pakistan on May 28 in commemoration of Chagai-I and Chagai-II when Pakistan detonated seven nuclear devices in response to India's five
detonations of Pokhran-II in 1998, 17 days after the incident. Thus, Pakistan became the 7th World Nuclear Power and the 1st in the Muslim World.
Ques:) Pakistan became an atomic on?
Answ:) 28 may 1998.
Ques:) India became an atomic power on ?
Answ:) On the morning of May 18, 1974, in the Pokharan desert,
the ground shook violently as India conducted its first atomic bomb test
and become atomic power.
Questions Related To Pakistan:
Ques:) Who are the neighbors countries of Pakistan tell with direction?
Answ:)
Afghanistan : North-west.
Iran : West.
China : North.
India : East.
Ques:) On which rivers Tarbela, Mangla, WARSAK dams are built?
Answ:) Mangla on Jehlum River.
Tarbela on Indus River.
Warsak on Kabul River.
Ques:) Chairman of HEC name?
Answ:) Prof. Dr. Mukhtar Ahmed Chairman,HigherEducation Commission Pakistan.
Ques:) Governer of state bank?
Answ:) Mr. Ashraf Mahmood Wathra Governor, State Bank of Pakistan.
Ques:) Chairman of FBR name?
Answ:) Mr. Tariq Bajwa Chairman, FBR.
Ques:) Speaker of National Assembly?
Answ:) Sardar Ayaz Sadiq.
Ques:) How many seats of NA and parliament house?
Answ:) The National Assembly of Pakistan is the lower house of the parliament.
The National Assembly has 342 seats, 272 of which are directly elected,60 are reserved for women and a further 10 for religious minorities.
Ques:) The Name Of Chief Ministers?
Answ:)
SINDH QAIM ALI SHAH.
PUNJAB SHAHBAZ SHAREEF.
BALOCHISTAN ABDUL MALIK.
KPK PARVEZ KHATTAK.
GILGIT-BALT SYED MEHDI SHAH.
AZAD KASHMIR CHAUDRY ABDUL MAJID.
Ques:) The Name Of Governors Provinces?
Answ:)
SINDH ISHRAT-UL-IBAD.
PUNJAB CHAUDRY MUHAMMAD SARWAR.
BALOCHISTAN MUHAMMAD KHAN ACHAKZAI.
KPK SARDAR MEHTAB ABBASI.
GILGIT-BALT PIR KARAM ALI SHAH.
AZAD KASHMIR SARDAR MUHAMMAD YAQOOB.
Ques:) Total area of Pakistan?
Answ:) 796,095 km².
Ques:) What is loc?
Answ:) The term Line of Control (LOC) the military control line between the Indian
and Pakistani-controlled parts of the former princely state of Jammu and Kashmir.
Ques:) Indus water treaty agreement done on?
Answ:) The Indus Waters Treaty is a water-sharing treaty between India and Pakistan,
The treaty was signed in Karachi on September 19, 1960 by Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal
Nehru and President of Pakistan Ayub Khan.
Ques:) What is the height of siachen glaciers?
Answ:)
Elevation: 5,400 m.
Area: 700 km².
Ques:) What is the height of K2?
Answ:) 8,611 m.
Ques:) What is two nation theory?
Answ:) Hindus and Muslims are two distinct nations, regardless of ethnic or other commonalities.
The two-nation theory was a founding principle of the Pakistan Movement
(i.e. the ideology of Pakistan as a Muslim nation-state in South Asia).
Ques:) What Is GT Road & Who Made It?
Answ:) The GT Road,Sadak-e-Azam ('The Grand Road') was built by Sher Shah Suri, a visionary Muslim ruler of the Indian sub continent in the 16th century AD.
The road originates from Kabul, Afghanistan enters Pakistan near Peshawar through the famous Khyber Pass,
skirts the suburbs of Taxila, and goes down to Lahore and crosses into India at Wahgha, finally culminating its 2600
kilometres long journey at Kolkata.
Questions Related to your self analysis , emotions And Feelings,
Ques:) You ever tell a lie ?
Answ:) Yes.
Ques:) When and where you tell a lie?
Answ:) For hiding/save someone privacy/respect/honour/friendship.
Ques:) If I give you 100000 what you will do with this amount?
Answ:) I dont need someone's money.
Ques:) If we do not recommend you what will you next step?
Answ:) I will continue my studies.
Ques:) If we recommend you and we transfer you in other defence force you agreed or not?
Answ:) Not.
Ques:) How many marriages you father done?
Answ:) Only 1.
Ques:) You are smoker or not?
Answ:) No.
Questions Related to Sex
Ques:) What is BP?
Answ:) Blood Pressure/Boiling Point/Blue Print.
Ques:) Have you ever seen BP?
Answ:) Yes.
Ques:) How many times you saw BP?
Answ:) Whenever comes in mid movie.
Ques:) Your face show you saw BP 5000000 time?
Answ:) That will be your observation.
Ques:) Where you saw BP first time?
Answ:) In indian movies.
Ques:) After seeing you liked BP or not?
Answ:) No.
Ques:) After seeing Bp what you did?
Answ:) Forgot that.
Ques:) What is HP?
Answ:) Highest Point/Hawlett packard/Homeo Pathic/Hand Practice.
Ques:) Have you done HP ever?
Answ:) No.
Ques:) Why you did HP?
Answ:) I don't.
Ques:) Have you any boy or girl friend?
Answ:) I Have lots of friends.
Ques:) How many girl friend you have?
Answ:) No One.
Ques:) Which type of girl you like?
Answ:) Religious type.
Ques:) Did you kiss sex or touch with your girlfriend?
Answ:) I Don't have any girl friend.
Ques:) What is DAT?
Answ:) I don't know about this term(Simply).
Ques:) Have you ever gone on DAT?
Answ:) I don't know about this term(Simply).
Ques:) How many alphabets present in English?
Answ:) 26.
Ques:) Parts of speech?
Answ:)
noun:,
A noun is the name of a person, place, thing, or idea.
Verb:,
A word used to describe an action.
Adjective:,
An adjective is a "describing word", the main syntactic role of which is to qualify a noun or noun phrase.
Adverb:,
An adverb is a word that changes or simplifies the meaning of a verb, adjective, other adverb, clause, or sentence expressing manner, place, time, or degree. Adverbs typically answer questions such as how?, in what way?, when?, where?, and to what extent?.
Pronoun:,
A pronoun (I, me, he, she, herself, you, it, that, they, each, few, many, who, whoever, whose, someone, everybody, etc.) is a word that takes the place of a noun.
Preposition:,
A preposition is a word that indicates the relationship between a noun or pronoun and other words in a sentence.
Conjunction:,
In grammar, a conjunction (abbreviated CONJ or CNJ) is a part of speech that connects words, sentences, phrases or clauses. A discourse connective is a conjunction joining sentences.
Interjection:,
In grammar, an interjection or exclamation may be a word used to express an emotion or sentiment.
Homophones:,
A homophone is a word that is pronounced the same as another word but differs in meaning, and may differ in spelling. The words may be spelled the same, such as rose (flower) and rose (past tense of "rise"), or differently, such as carat, caret, and carrot, or to, two, and too.
Vowels:,
Five of the 26 alphabet letters are vowels: A, E, I, O, and U. The letter Y is sometimes considered a sixth vowel because it can sound like other vowels. Unlike consonants, each of the vowel letters has more than one type of sound or can even be silent with no sound at all.
Questions Related To Islamic Information
Ques:) What are the duties of angels?
Answ:) Convey the message of allah to messengers.
Kiraaman Katibin,
Nama aamal likhne wale.
Jibreel,
Covey messages of allah to messangers.
Israfeel,
Qeyamat ke din soor phonkna.
Mikail,
Barish barsana.
Munkar Nakeer,
Qabar me pehle farishte sawalat pochne wale.
Ques:) Malak Am-Maut.?
Answ:) Jibrael A.S.
Ques:) Biggest Surah Of Quran name is?
Answ:) Sura-e-Baqra.
Ques:) Shortest Surah Of Quran name as?
Answ:) Sura-e-kauser.
Ques:) Total rukus, Sajde ,in Quran?
Answ:) Rukus 540 and Sagde 14.
Ques:) Which Prophet Is Said to Be "Abu-al Bashar"?
Answ:) Hazrat Adam A.S
Ques:) Total no of Ghazwat is?
Answ:) 27.
Ques:) Total no of massagers send by GOD?
Answ:) Approximately 124000.
Ques:) The name of surah has no Bismillah?
Answ:) Surah toba.
Ques:) The name of surah has two times?
Answ:) Is surah naml.
Ques:) Difference between the namaz of eid and namaz of juma?
Answ:) Diffrence of takbeers, also farz aain and farz kifaya.
Ques:) First hajj is performed by?
Answ:) Hazrat Abu Bakr (Abdullah ibn Abi Quhafa).
Ques:) What is Ashra Mubashra?
Answ:) Jin ko jannat ki Basharat ho gai thi.
Ques:) Namaz-e-janaza is a?
Answ:) Farz-e-kafaya.
Ques:) List the faraiz of wazoo , gussel and namaz?
Answ:)
Wazu ke Faraiz:
1. Peshani ke baalon se le kar thori ke niche tak aur donon kanon ki lo tak munh dhona.
2. Dono hath kehniyon sameit dhona.
3. Chothai sar ka masah karna.
4. Dono payon takhnon sameit dhona.
Farzs in Ghusl.
1) To wash mouth with water as it should reach all the parts internally.
2) To wash inside of nose with water.
3) To wash the body once from head till the bottom of feet.
Ques:) Umar e Sani is?
Answ:) Hazrat umer bin abdull kathab.
Ques:) Fatah Makkah was done on?
Answ:) 8 hijri.
Ques:) Who created Muslim League?
Answ:) Muslim League, political organization of India and Pakistan, founded 1906 as the All-India Muslim League by Aga Khan III. Its original purpose was to safeguard the political rights of Muslims in India.
Ques:) Who was the First Air Chief Marshal of Pakistan?
Answ:) Allan Perry-Keene
Ques:) Who was the first Naval Chief of Pakistan?
Answ:) James Wilfred Jefford.
Ques:) Red carnation is the national Flower of which country?
Answ:) Carnation is the national flower of Spain, Monaco, and Slovenia.
Ques:) Cabnit mission?
Answ:) The United Kingdom Cabinet Mission of 1946 to India aimed to discuss and plan for the transfer of power from the British Government to Indian leadership, providing India with independence.
Ques:) Who was the first Governor General of Pakistan?
Answ:) Muhammad Ali Jinnah.
Ques:) Which moment Sir Syed started for the education?
Answ:) Sir Syed founded the Madarsatul Uloom in Aligarh and patterned the MAO College and now aligarh university.
Ques:) Which Province is Richly Enriched with Minerals?
Answ:) Balochistan.
Ques:) NATO Headquarter is located at?
Answ:) Brussels, Belgium(North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), Headquarters).
Ques:) To be a National Assembly Member you have to be of age?
Answ:) Not less then 25 years of age.
Ques:) Hazrat abu sufyan ny islam kb kabool kiya?
Answ:) On fatteh makkah.
Ques:) Makkah kis islamic month may fatah hua?
Answ:) Fatah Mecca was in 8 AH (month of ramadan).
Ques:) Last surah jo complete naazil hui?
Answ:) Suara-e-nasr.
Ques:) Hazrat Noah A.S ka ship.kis mountain pe a kar ruka tha?
Answ:) Mountain aarat turkey.
Ques:) Islam ka dusra important pillar kon sa hai?
Answ:) Namaz.
Ques:) Meesaq e Madina kin k darmyan hua tha?
Answ:) The document was created to bring to an end the bitter inter-tribal fighting between the clans of the Aws (Aus) and Khazraj within Medina.
Ques:) Simla confrecnce kis ny karwai?
Answ:) The Simla Conference was a 1945 meeting between Viceroy and the major political leaders of India at Simla, India by Quaid-i-azam.
Ques:) Closet planet from sun?
Answ:) Mercury is the closest planet to the Sun and the eighth largest.
Ques:) Largest of dam of pakistan?
Answ:) Tarbela Dam.
Ques:) Define Vertex:?
Answ:) In geometry, a vertex (plural vertices) is a special kind of point that describes the corners or intersections of geometric shapes.
Ques:) Define Matrix:?
Answ:) A matrix is a rectangular array of numbers or other mathematical objects, for which operations such as addition.
Ques:) Paraleluguram definition?
Answ:) a four-sided plane rectilinear figure with opposite sides parallel.
Ques:) Juliyan wala bagh may kis ny fire ka order dia?
Answ:) On the orders of Brigadier-General Reginald Dyer,
Ques:) Study of earthquake and waves occurinng?
Answ:) Seismology.
Ques:) Which Year Is Called Grief Year In Islam?
Answ:) the year 619 A.D.
Ques:) Ayub Khan Imposed Marshall law In The Year?
Answ:) Martial Law Under Field Marshal Ayub Khan, On October 7, 1958
Ques:) Qaid-e-Azam 14 points ki date?
Answ:) Jinnah's Fourteen points meeting of the council of the All India Muslim League on March 28, 1929.
Ques:) Son of Hazrat Adam (A.S)?
Answ:) His son Shees A.S.
Ques:) MAO high school ali ghar given the status of college in?
Answ:) The establishment of Mohammedan Anglo Oriental (MAO) College is 1877.
Ques:) Saif-ul-ALLAH kis ka laqab hai?
Answ:) Hazrat Khalid Bin Walid Radiallao taala anho.
Ques:) Abu jahil kis jang nmain mara?
Answ:) Gazwa-e-badr.
Ques:) One-One function is also called?
Answ:) One-to-one function, also called an injective function.
Ques:) Lucknow pact date?
Answ:) Held in Lucknow, in the year 1916.
Ques:) Which bird is known as the international symbol of happiness?
Answ:) Bluebird.
Ques:) Who was the first chief of PAF?
Answ:) Air Vice Marshal Allan Perry-Keene (15 August 1947 – 17 February 1949).
Ques:) 1st elected pm of Pak?
Answ:) Z. A. Bhutto, Pakistan's first elected Prime Minister.
Ques:) Pak iran gas pipeline ko kea khtay hain?
Answ:) Iran–Pakistan gas pipeline, also known as the Peace pipeline.
Ques:) Camel name of Hazrat Muhammad(PBUH) during migration?
Answ:) Name of the camel on which Prophet was riding in migration was Qaswa.


Sunday, 18 January 2015

SWELLING BEHAVIOUR OF SOIL

The main aim of our project is to investigate the swelling behavior of expansive soil of Bannu Campus.
Expansive soil is a type of soil which greatly depends upon climate and moisture variation, this soil has got greater tendency to expand when moisture or water seepage through the soil increases and also has got tendency to contract very quickly when moisture through soil evaporates due to temperature(climate) variation. This expansion and contraction of soil with temperature variation causes major damage to the structure as a result of which the structure life decreases and major financial loss occur in repairing the damage to save the structure from destructive damage which can be caused from any kind of threats like earthquake, floods and other acts of God.
Our project is mainly intended to evaluate the swelling behavior of expansive soils of Bannu Campus and their interdependence using “Oedometer swell test”. In order to achieve the objectives of our research work, researches accomplished on expansive soil , different Geological and Geotechnical reports on Bannu soil have been reviewed. Samples were collected from different parts of Bannu Campus considering some technical points i.e (samples were collected frpm those areas) where there were horizontal cracks near wall joints, near doors and windows joints, considering the proper drainage work provided for the rain water and also if there is some water channel or drain (nallah) is flowing near the structures. The laboratory testing section was divided in two sections, In first section Atterburg limits i.e liquid limit and plastic limit were found which shows preliminary identification of expansive soil. In second section “oedometer swell test” is performed on undisturbed soil samples which shows actual swelling behavior of soil.
INTRODUCTION

 GENERAL Expansive soil, which is recognized by its considerable volume change upon exposure to moisture variation, has caused a number of problems in most structures constructed Across the globe . Recent researches in assessing the failures caused on structures built on expansive soils showed that more than 60% of the structures are damaged due to causes associated with expansive soils.

The problems are either due to misunderstanding of the behavior of the soil or lack of information on the engineering properties of the soil. Even though, expansive soils are found in different parts of the world, the engineering properties of the soil are not similar. The behavior of expansive soils varies from place to place depending upon the type of parent material, climate and topography. Researches on the engineering properties of expansive soils of Bannu have been done. Some of the researches undertaken are ‘Characterization of soils in flood plains of Bannu Basin’(G.Saeed Khan) , Physiochemical Properties Soils of Bannu District , (Wasiullah , A.U.Bhatti).in all the above researches, even though most of the
Engineering properties of expansive soils of Ethiopia are covered, consolidation
Characteristics have not been assessed.

Figure 1a: cracks caused due to expansion in soil

OBJECTIVE:
Swelling and consolidation of expansive soils are phenomena, which take place due to moisture change and effective stress change in the soil mass, respectively. In condition where both moisture change and effective stress changes take place at the same time, there will be a tendency for swelling and consolidation; the volume change being dependent on the magnitude of the effective stress change. The main objective of this thesis is to investigate the swelling behavior of Bannu campus soil which could be the reason behind the cracks produced in different parts of the campus . In addition to find the consolidation and swelling parameters of Bannu campus soil.
METHODOLOGY:
In order to achieve the objective of this thesis , researches accomplished on expansive soil has been reviewed . A small scale survey has also been done in order to select the appropriate positions for sample collection , both disturbed and undisturbed samples have been collected from the sites . In first session Atterburgs limits i.e. liquid limit and plastic limit have been found. In second session consolidation and swelling tests are carried out on disturbed samples.
 LITERATURE REVIEW:
 EXPANSIVE SOIL IN GENERAL
Expansive soil is a term generally applied to any soil or rock material that has a
potential for shrinking or swelling under changing moisture conditions. [2] Subsequent swelling and shrinkage of this soils due to change in moisture cause damages to civil engineering structures, particularly light buildings and pavements.
The origin of expansive soils is related to a complex combination of conditions
and processes that result in the formation of clay minerals having a particular chemical makeup which, when in contact with water, will expand. The conditions and processes which determine the clay mineralogy include composition of the parent material and degree of physical and chemical weathering to which the materials are subjected [1].
There are two fundamental molecular structures as the basic units of the lattice structure of clay soils. These are the silica tetrahedron and the alumina octahedron. The silica tetrahedron consists of a silicon atom surrounded tetrahedrally by oxygen ions. The alumina octahedron consists of an aluminum atom surrounded octahedrally by six oxygen ions. When each oxygen atom is shared by two tetrahedral, a plate- shaped layer is formed. Similarly, when each aluminum atom is shared by two octahedron, a sheet is formed.\
The silica sheets and the aluminum sheets combine to form the basic structural units of the clay particles. Various clay minerals differ in the stacking configuration. The major component of expansive soils, montmorillonite is a three layer clay mineral having a single octahedral sheet sandwiched between two tetrahedral sheets to give a 2 to 1 lattice structure.
2.2 ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF EXPANSIVE SOIL OF BANNU
2.2.1 Little work has been done on characterization of Bannu soil
  • Water and Power Development Authority(WAPDA) in 1966 in their reconnaissance report of khurram basin has showed the limited permeability of soil due to finness of their structure
  • Project planning division of SCARP(1977) has described the structure of the soil of area as sub angular blocky
  • Khan and Jhamshed(1988) have discussed level of organic matter , Nitrogen and phosphorous content of soil of Bannu is low.
  • Nawaz (1976) has concluded that the soil of area were calcareous with alkaline reaction.

 PROFILE OF NORMAL SOIL OF BANNU :
The following profile was described and sampled near village Rasul khan near Ismail khel road which off takes from Bannu_D I Khan road (Soil survey of Pakistan,1974)
The analytical data of the profile is given in the table
Table 1: Normal profile of Bannu
Horizan/Depth
Ap (0-10 cm)




B1 (10-20 cm)
Description
Color: brown/dark brown when moist and pale brown when dry; Texture: silty , clayey loam; Structure: massive ;consistency: very sticky and plastic firm when moist and hard when dry; Porosity: common interstitial pores; calcareousness; moderate; PH: alkaline; smooth boundary with lower horizon


Color: grayish brown to dark grayish brown when moist and pale brown when dry; Texture: silty clayey loam; Structure: weak, coarse sub angular blocky; consistency : very sticky and very plastic, firm when moist and hard when dry; porosity: few fine and common very fine tabular pores; calcareousness: moderate; PH: alkaline; smooth boundary with lower horizon


2.2.3 PHYSICAL PROPERITIES OF BANNU DISTRICT.
Table 2: physical properties of Bannu
Property
Mean
Maximum
Minimum
( 0 – 15 cm ) Depth
Sand
19.99
8.40
84.40
Silt
36.82
5.60
64.40
Clay
43.19
10.50
64.80
Saturation capacity
55.83
23.98
76.81
Bulk Density
1.31
1.01
1.68




Property
Mean
Minimum
Maximum
( 0 – 45 cm ) Depth
Sand
18.54
8.00
84.80
Silt
36.04
2.40
53.20
Clay
45.62
10.80
64.80
Saturation capacity
58.06
24.37
76.81
Table 2.2.3(b)

MECHANICS OF SWELLING:
GENERAL:
Swelling of expansive soils will take place under change in the environment of the
soil. Environmental change can consist of pressure release due to excavation, desiccation caused by temperature increase, and volume increase because of the introduction of moisture. By far the most important element and of most concern to the practicing engineer is the effect of water on expansive soil. There must be a potential gradient, which can cause water migration and a continuous passage through which water transfer can take place [1]. The potential gradient in expansive soils can be due to seasonal moisture fluctuation or thermal gradient, which can cause vapor and liquid moisture transfer. It is well recognized that the heaving of expansive soils may take place without the presence of free water. Vapor transfer plays an important role in providing the means for the volume increase of expansive soils.
 FACTORS INFLUENCING SWELLING:
The mechanism of swelling in expansive soils is complex and is influenced by a number of factors. [2] Expansion is the result of change in the soil water system that disturbs the internal force equilibrium. The factors influencing the shrink-swell potential of a soil can be considered in three different groups. These are the soil characteristics that influence the basic nature of the internal force field, the environmental factors that influence the changes that may occur in the internal force system, and the state of stress.[2]
SOIL CHARACTERISTICS:
Soil characteristics may be considered either as micro scale or macro scale factors.
Micro scale factors include the mineralogical and chemical properties of the soil. Macro scale factors include the engineering properties of the soil which in turn dictated by the micro scale factors.
i) Micro scale factors (clay mineralogy and soil water chemistry):- clay minerals of
different types typically exhibit different swelling potentials because of variation in the electrical field associated with each mineral. The swelling capacity of an entire soil mass depends on the amount and type of clay mineral in the soil, the arrangement and specific surface area of the clay particles, and the chemistry of the soil water surrounding those particles. Soil water chemistry is important in relation to potential swell magnitude. Salt cat ions such as sodium, calcium, magnesium, and potassium are dissolved in the soil water and are adsorbed on the clay surfaces as exchangeable cat ions to balance the negative electrical surface charges. Hydration of these cat ions and adsorptive forces exerted by the clay crystals themselves can cause the accumulation of a large amount of water between the clay particles. In dry soils, salt cat ions are held close to the clay crystal surfaces by strong electrostatic forces. As water becomes available, cat ion hydration energies are sufficiently large to overcome interparticle attraction forces. Thus initially desiccated and densely packed particles are forced apart as adsorbed cat ions hydrate and become
enlarged on the addition of water. 
ii) Macro scale factors (plasticity and density):- Macro scale soil properties reflect the
micro scale nature of the soil. Because they are more conveniently measured in
engineering work than micro scale factors, macro scale characteristics are primary indicators of swelling behavior. Commonly determined properties such as soil plasticity and density can provide a great deal of insight regarding the expansive potential the of the 10 soils. Soil consistency, as quantified by the Atterberg limits, is the most widely used indicator of expansive potential. Most expansive soils can exist in a plastic condition over a wide range of moisture contents. This behavior results from the capacity of expansive clay mineral to contain large amount of water between particles and yet retain a coherent structure through the interparticle electrical forces. Soil plasticity, a useful indicator of swell potential, is influenced by the same microscale factors that control the swell
potential. [2]
 ENVIRNMENTAL CONDITIONS:
The potential for a soil to absorb or expel water will depend on the water content
relative to the water deficiency of the soil. Initial moisture content influences the shrinkswell potential relative to possible limits, or ranges, in moisture content. Moisture content alone is not a good indicator or predictor of shrink-swell potential. Instead, the moisture content relative to limiting moisture contents such as the plastic limit and shrinkage limit must be known. Water content changes below the shrinkage limit produce little or no change in volume. There are indications that as a soil imbibes water, little volume change occurs at water content change above the plastic limit.
The availability of water to an expansive soil profile is influenced by many environmental and manmade factors. Generally, the upper few meters of the profile are subjected to the widest ranges of potential moisture variation. Also, overburden stress is low and the soil is not restrained against movement at shallow depths. This upper stratum (active zone) of the profile therefore exhibits the major part of the shrinking and swelling. Moisture variation in the active zone of a natural soil profile is affected by climatic 11 cycles. Other obvious and direct causes of moisture variation result from altered drainage conditions or manmade sources of water, such as irrigation or leaky plumbing.
 CONSOLIDATION
 THEORIES OF CONSOLIDATION:
Any structure built on the ground causes increase of pressures on the underlying soil
layers. The soil layers are unable to spread laterally as the surrounding soil strata confines them. Hence there must be adjustment to the new pressure by vertical deformation. The compression of the soil mass leads to the decrease in the volume of the mass, which result in the settlement of the structure, built on the mass. The vertical compression of the soil mass under increased pressures is thus made up of the following components:
i. Deformation of the soil grains
ii. Compression of water and air with in the voids
iii. An escape of water and air from the voids
12
It is quite reasonable and rational to assume that the solid matter and the pore water
relatively are incompressible under the loads encountered. The change in volume of the soil mass under imposed stresses must be only due to the escape of water and air. Generally, the volume change in a soil deposit can be divided in to three stages:[12]
INITIAL CONSOLIDATION:
When a load is applied to a partially saturated soil, a decrease in volume occurs due to expulsion of and compression of air in the voids. A small decrease in volume also occurs due to compression of solid particles. The reduction in volume of the soil just after the application of the load is known as initial consolidation or initial compression. For saturated soils, the initial consolidation is mainly due to compression of solid particles.
 PRIMARY CONSOLIDATION:
After initial consolidation, further reduction in volume occurs due to expulsion of water from voids. When a saturated soil is subjected to a pressure, initially all the applied pressure is taken up by water as excess pore water, as water is almost incompressible as compared with solid particles. A hydraulic gradient develops and the water starts flowing out and a decrease in volume occurs. The decrease depends up on the permeability of thesoil and is, therefore, time dependent. The reduction in volume is called primary consolidation. In fine grained soils, the primary consolidation occurs over a long time. On the other hand, in coarse grained soils, the primary consolidation occurs rather quickly due to high permeability. As water escapes from the soil, the applied pressure is gradually transferred from the water in the voids to the solid particles.

2.4.4 SECONDARY CONSOLIDATION:

The reduction in volume continues at a very slow rate even after the excess pore water pressure developed by the applied pressure is fully dissipated and the primary
consolidation is complete. This additional reduction in the volume is the called secondary consolidation. The causes for secondary consolidation are not fully established. It is attributed to the plastic readjustment of the solid particles and the adsorbed water to the new stress system. In most inorganic soil, it is generally small

 Laboratory Testing section
 General
Laboratory determination of the consolidation characteristics of clay soils is usually
carried out on saturated soil using an Odometer. Atterburgs limits are i.e liquid limit and plastic limit which are very helpful in determining the expansive behavior of soil. The swelling characteristics of expansive soils can also be determined conveniently using an Odometer. In Odometer test, only one dimensional consolidation and swelling characteristics of the soil are determined. The main purpose of the consolidation test is to obtain information on the compression properties of a saturated soil for use in determining the magnitude and rate of settlement of structures
In general, the consolidation test of a soil should furnish the following
information:
i. the relationship between time and percent consolidation
ii. the relationship between the increasing or decreasing load on the soil and
the change in the void ratio of the soil data on permeability of the soil as a function of that particular load
 Types of samples
There are two types of samples that we usuallay get for our experiments and to perform test on that samples
 Undisturbed samples
Undisturbed samples of expansive soil are recovered from Bole and Gergi area with
sampling tubes of diameter 89mm.The sample for odometer test is extracted from the tube sampler using the odometer ring which has a diameter of 7cm and a height of 2cm. The sample is then prepared for the test by trimming the ends.

Fig 3.2.1 (a) Undisturbed Sample.
3.2.2 Disturbed samples
Disturbed samples of expansive soil are also taken from Bole and Ayat area. The
disturbed samples are air dried, sieved and soaked for 24 hours. The wet soil sample is then compacted to the required density which is in the range of the density of the natural deposit and the test sample is extracted using the ring of the odometer. The samples are also prepared to have different initial moisture content.

Fig3.2.DisturbedSample
Test results:
We carried out preliminary tests for oedometer swell test and we tested four samples for that purpose and finds its atterbergs limits i.e liquid limit and plastic limit
For a soil to be expansive it must fulfill some of the criteria devised by the different researchers based on practical field data.
A soil to be expansive in nature must have plastic limit greater than 20 and liquid limit greater than 35.
So all of the four samples that we used for our preliminary test fulfill the criteria of limiting value of liquid limit and plastic limit.
So we proceed our project in pursuance of finding the expansive behaviour of UET Bannu campus soil. The results that we obtained from tests that we performed on the samples are as follows.
Liquid limit = 32.5%
Liquid limit=31.8%
Liquid limit = 38.6%
Liquid limit = 41.82%
Now the plastic limits of the above mentioned samples


Test results(oedometer swell test) :
A consolidation-swell test is carried out on three undisturbed
samples of expansive soils of UET Bannu campus. The test results obtained from consolidation swell test undisturbed samples of expansive soil of different density and initial moisture content are presented in the form of void ratio- log pressure,and dial reading- square root of time plots. The test results of the undisturbed samples are shown in the graph, typical of which are shown in Figure 3.3. These results are used to determine the relationship between consolidation and swelling characteristics of expansive soil of UET Bannu campus. In this regard a number of pairs of soil samples of the same dry density and different moisture content are considered.
The results are shown as a plot between Dial guage reading of consolidation swell test device to the square root of time taken by the readings taken at each interval of time.
Discussion on test results
The soil sample allowed to saturation in an oedometer undergoes swelling with a
magnitude dependent on the change in moisture content and initial dry density. Early
loading of the sample up to a pressure equal to the swelling pressure was to maintain the initial void ratio before saturation.
Further loading beyond the swelling pressure has caused the soil to undergo consolidation from which the consolidation characteristic has been determined. During unloading there is a permanent deformation for each load decrement so that after the removal of all the applied loads the void ratio was less than the initial one. This indicates that the swelling due to the moisture change at the beginning of the test will not be observed after the sequential loading and unloading.
The insitu overburden pressure for the soil samples was in the range of 25-35kPa that is much less than the swelling pressure. For any load less than the swelling pressure consolidation will not take place. For consolidation to take place, the soil should be subjected to a pressure greater than the swelling pressure. The stress history of expansive soil should be determined not only based on the relative magnitude of the present overburden pressure and the maximum pressure to which the soil was subjected in its history but also on the swelling pressure.
An expansive soil is said to be overconsolidated when the maximum pressure to which the soil was subjected in the past in greater than both the present overburden pressure and the swelling pressure otherwise, it is normally consolidated.
The consolidation swell test on undisturbed samples of expansive soil has shown that the e-logP curve for pressure greater than the swelling pressure is linear. It can be inferred from the trend of the curve that the insitu soil is normally consolidated.
In expansive soils, larger moisture change implies higher degree of disturbance in the soil structure. But the influence of the disturbance on the consolidation characteristics of expansive soil is not similar to non-expansive clay soils. In non-expansive clay soils, a soil subjected to more disturbances show a flatter e-log P curve. It can be easily observed that the samples subjected to more swelling show a larger value of compression index.
Accordingly, tests on remolded samples of different dry density and the same moisture content have also indicated that the consolidation behavior of expansive soil is different from that of non expansive clay soils. In non expansive clay soils, a soil with larger dry density will have compression index smaller than the same soil of lesser dry density, whereas, in expansive soils, a different consolidation characteristics is observed.
The observations made from the laboratory tests leads one to identify an additional factor, which governs the consolidation behavior of expansive soils. As can be seen from the test results, those factors that affect the swelling characteristics of expansive soils have also affected the consolidation characteristics of the expansive soil. Therefore, the additional factor anticipated to have an effect on consolidation characteristics of expansive soils is the swelling.It is known that consolidation is the property of the soil mass that is highly dependent on permeability which inturn depends on the structural arrangement of soil particles. On the other hand, swelling is the property of the soil particle, which depends on the mineralogy of the soil particle. In effect, both phenomena bring about volume change in the soil mass.
Swelling is a result of disturbance in internal stress equilibrium of the soil particle
by change in moisture content. To attain new internal stress equilibrium, the soil particles start to swell and a new particle arrangement will take place in the soil mass. Therefore, Swelling brings about a soil of different particle arrangement and different consolidation characteristics. The assumption in the theory of consolidation that says that volume change in the soil particle is negligible will not be reasonable in case of expansive soil
It is also observed that the potential swelling of the expansive soil ranges from 3.7% to 10.3%.
3- Habib, S.A., T., Kato, and D., Karube, 1995, A research paper on ‘suction
controlled one dimensional swelling and consolidation behavior of expansive soils’
4- Teklu, D., 2003, A thesis on ‘Examining the swelling pressure of Addis Ababa
expansive soils’
6- Das, B.M., 1997, ‘Advanced soil mechanics’, Taylor & Francis, Philadelphia
7- Luelseged, A., 1990, A thesis on ‘Engineering characteristics of the clay soils of
Bole area’
8- Texas A&M University, 1969, ‘Proceedings of the second international research
and engineering conference on expansive soils’, Texas A&M press, Texas
9- Bowles, J.E., 1984, ‘Physical and geotechnical properties of soils’, McGraw-Hill
book company, New York
10- Jumikis, A.R, 1984, ‘Soil Mechanics’, Robert E. Krieger Publishing Company,
Florida
12- Arora, K.R., ‘Soil mechanics and foundation engineering’, Standard Publishers
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