Effect of Channel impairments on a signal

hi friend my this article is all about Matlab ,which was originally a task given by our teacher in data communication lab and we perform as a team member in class room , at university of engineering a technology, i am sharing with you this task , and will share all other task as soon as we perform it.

Objectives:

How to generate a simple signal in Matlab

Effect of thermal noise on the generate signal

Effect of delay distortion on a signal

Effect of attenuation on a signal

Apparatus:

        Matlab (preferably any version)

Procedure:

       To implement the given objectives on Matlab, by simply type the specific codes in the command window of the Matlab as directed and plot them. Following are the codes and Simulation obtained via Matlab.

To generate a simple signal in a Matlab

Code:

For Cos

clc

clear

t=0:pi/12:6*pi;

x=cos(t);

Simulation:

For Sine
Code:

t=0:pi/12:6*pi;

x=sin(t);

plot(t,x)

Simulation:

For Square

Code:

t=0:.0001:.0625;

x=square(2*pi*30*t);

plot(t,x)

Simulation:

Effect of thermal noise on the generated signal
Code:

              t = 0:.1:10;

              x = sawtooth(t);

              y = awgn(x,10,'measured');

              plot(t,x,t,y);

              legend('Original signal','Signal with AWGN');

              Simulation:

      For square

      Code:

        t=0:.0001:.0625;

        x=square(2*pi*30*t);

        y=awgn(x,10);

        xlabel('time(sec)');

        ylabel('amplitude(a)');

        Legend ('original signal');

        Plot(t,y)

       Simulation:

   

Effect of delay distortion on a signal

Code:
For sine

t=0:0.01:1;

f1=1;

f2=2;

x1=sin(2*pi*f*t);

x2=sin((2*pi*f*t)+40);

x3=x1+x2;

plot(t,x3,t,x1,t,x2);

Simulation:

     

For Cos
Code:

t=0:0.01:1;

f1=1;

f2=2;

x1=cos(2*pi*f*t);

x2=cos((2*pi*f*t)+40);

x3=x1+x2;

plot(t,x3,t,x1,t,x2)

Simulation:
 

Effect of attenuation on a signal

Code:

t=0:pi/12:6*pi;

x1=sin(t);

E1=cos(x1.*conj(x1));

pin=E1/length(t);

x2=0.3*cos(t);

E2=cos(x2.*conj(x2));

plot=E2/length(t);

L=plot/pin;

             For square:
               Code:

              t=0:pi/12:6*pi;

              x1=square(t);

              E1=square(x1.*conj(x1));

              pin=E1/length(t);

              x2=0.3*square(t); 

              E2=square(x2.*conj(x2));

              plot=E2/length(t);

              L=plot/pin;

               

Simulation of Line coding schemes in Matlab

hi friend my this article is all about Matlab ,which was originally a task given by our teacher in data communication lab and we perform as a team member in class room , at university of engineering a technology, i am sharing with you this task , and will share all other task as soon as we perform it.

Objectives 

To generate unipolar Non-return-to-zero (NRZ) signal.

To generate unipolar signal with two different polarities 0v and 1v.

To generate Bipolar Alternate Mark Inversion (AMI) signal.

To plot pseudoternary signal.

Software:

Matlab (any suitable version)

Introduction:

Line Coding:

Binary data can be transmitted using a number of different types of pulses. The choice of a particular pair of pulses to represent the symbols 1 and 0 is called Line Coding.

Types of Line Coding:

Unipolar Signal:

            Unipolar signal (also called on-off keying, OOK) is the type of line coding in which one binary symbol (representing a 0 for example) is represented by the absence of a pulse (i.e. a SPACE) and the other binary symbol (denoting a 1) is represented by the presence of a pulse (i.e. a MARK).

            There are two common variations of unipolar signal: Non-Return to Zero (NRZ) and Return to Zero (RZ).

Non-return to zero (NRZ):

             In unipolar NRZ the duration of the MARK pulse (Ƭ) is equal to the duration (To) of the symbol slot shown in the figure. It Provide simplicity in implementation, also it does not require a lot of bandwidth for transmission.

          1         0          1           0        1          1          1           1             1       0

      

Return to Zero (RZ):

            In unipolar RZ the duration of the MARK pulse (Ƭ) is less than the duration (To) of the symbol slot as shown in figure. Typically RZ pulses fill only the first half of the time slot, returning to zero for the second half. It provide Presence of a spectral line at symbol rate which can be used as symbol timing clock signal.

  (To)

                     1           0         1           0        1          1          1         0       0        0

   (T)                          1     0         1     0         1       1        0     0    0         0

Polar signal:

           In polar signal a binary 1 is represented by a pulse g1 (t) and a binary 0 by the opposite (or antipodal) pulse g0 (t) = -g1 (t). Polar signal also has NRZ and RZ forms. 

    1            0          1            0            1           1            1          1          1           0

                                    1       0         1        0     1            1             1              1    0

  

                   

                    Polar NRZ and RZ have almost identical spectra to the Unipolar NRZ and RZ.

Bipolar signal:

Bipolar Signalling is also called “alternate mark inversion” (AMI) uses three          voltage levels (+V, 0, -V) to represent two binary symbols. Zeros, as in unipolar, are

Represented by the absence of a pulse and ones (or marks) are represented by

Alternating voltage levels of +V and –V. Like the Unipolar and Polar cases, Bipolar also has NRZ and RZ variations.

  1           0           1         0             1            1           1           1           1       0

                                  1        0        1      0          1        1        1       1        1      0

Pseudoternary signal:

         A pseudoternary signal which is derived from the binary digit signal without change of the line digit rate

NOTE- An alternate mark inversion signal is an example of a pseudoternary signal.

Unipolar NRZ:

Clc

Clear all;

Data=[0 1 1 0 1 0 1];

I=1:7;

J=1.99:7.99;

Time=[ ];

For (k=1:7)

Time=[time i(k) j(k)];

End

a=1;

signal=[ ];

for (t=1:7)

if (data (t)==0)

signal (a:a+1)=0;

else

signal (a:aa+1)=1;

End

a=a+2;

end

figure (1);

plot(time, signal' line width' 2);

title ('digital signal ')

xlable (''time(t) ')

ylabe ('Amplitude (A)')

axis ( [1 8 -0.5 5])

Task 01:
Write Matlab code that generates unipolar signal with following polarities.
0V for binary – 0
-1V for binary -1

NRZ –L

Data=[1 0 0 0  1 1 0 1];

I= 1; length (data);

J=1.99: length (data) + 0.99;

Time= 

% generating signal

Signal= [ ];

N= length (data);

a= 1;

for (t= 1:N);

if data (t)== 1);

signal (a:a+1)=1;

else

signal (a:a+1)=-1;

end

a= a+2;

end

plot;(time, signal 'linewidth'.2);

title('NRZ-L');

Xlable('time');

Ylable('Voltage level');

Task 02:

            Plot NRZ-I signal for the following message

            M= [0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1];

            Bipolar-AMI (Alternate Mark Inversion).

            % generating signal

            Signal= [ ];

            N= length (data);

            a= 1;

            pre-bit= 1;

           for (t= 1:N)

           if (data(t)==1 and pre-bit==1)

           signal (a; a+1) =1;

           pre-bit= -1;

           else

           signal (a:a+1)= -1;

           pre-bit= 1;

           end

           a= a+2;

           end.

          Task 03:

          Data= [0 1 1 1 0]; j = 1.99 : 11 + 0.

 time = [ ]

for (k = 1 : length(message

          Write Matlab Program to plot psuedoternary signal

  Psuedo Ternary Encoding

clcmessage = [0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1]   

data = zeros(1,2*length(message)-1          

data (1 : 2 : end) = message

i = (1 : 11)

time =time i(k), j(k)])]   

end

% Generating Signal

signal = [ ]            

n = length(data)

prebit = 1

for t = 1 : 2 : n                  

if (data(t) == 0

signal(t : t+1) = 0

else

if (data(t) == 1 &prebit == 1

signal (t : t+1) = 1

prebit = -1

data sharing between two computers or between two different machine

we can connect two computer and share data between them trough simple cable name Straight-through or  cross-over Cable as shown in the figure , i  connect my own laptop with my friend computer and copy some songs and videos through it , without any USB or some memory card etc this method is a safe method through which i can not only copy data but can also read/write data in the the other machine(laptop) .

BY read i mean i can copy only and not cut it or delete it, by write i mean i can not only copy the data in the guest computer but can also make changes in them, e-g, i can edit ,cut ,copy,delete, etc in them , that is , i can control other computer from the remote , and this is a good way for a hacker to access other computer.

sufyan and hashim laptops connection through cable 

Objectives:

Build a category 6 (cat 6) straight-through cables.

Build a category 6 (cat 6) cross-over cables.

Test both cables.

Tool Required:

Cate-6 network cable

RJ-45 connectors

Cable cutter

Crimping tool

Cable tester

Theory:

        The cables that need to be arranged for networking, two things must be keep in mind whether the systems (machine) are same or not, for such systems combination; following technique are valid to be use and implemented before going for a networking.

Straight-through Cable:

                          Straight through cable is a cable used for networking between any two systems in a condition if both the systems/machines are of the different origin i.e. networking between any computer (MDI) and a hub (MDIX). The cable is centered in between two RJ-45 connectors.  The color chart and technique for the arrangement of the cable is given below.

Cross-over Cable:

                          Cross-over cable is a cable used for networking between two systems in a condition if both the systems/machines are of the same origin i.e. networking between computers (MDI) with another computer (MDI). The cable is centered in between two RJ-45 connectors.  The color chart and technique for the arrangement of the cable is given below.

  

Construction/Procedure:

            Construction of straight-over and cross-over cable can be made through the cable cutter and crimping tool, with the help of rules given below.

First of all remove the insulation from the cable up to 2 inches at both of the end.

Align the cables according to the color chart respectively.

Level up the cable and adjust then inside the RJ-45 connector.

Use the crimping tool accordingly to tighten the cable under the jaws of the connector.

'The above color charts are aimed to assist in the construction of straight-over and cross-over cable respectively'.

Testing:

   Test the cable to ensure that it will function in the field. Miss-wired and incomplete network cables could lead to physical damage of computers system equipment, in order to confirm whether the cable is functioning well or not a simple cable tester can quickly verify that information. A sample of cable tester is shown below:

 

                                 Fig: A simple cable tester.

Creating a Network:

      Creating a network between two computers can enable individuals share different files and a folder which is an easiest and a secured way of transmitting files from one system to another. In order to make a network connection between two different computers the following steps were carried out on the host as well as on the guest computer.

Plug in the cable on both the computers.

Open networking and sharing center>Change Adopter settings>right click on LAN select properties, assign IP. Address to both the computers.

Go to advanced sharing settings, Turn on first three options in HOME and PUBLIC networking.

Remove the user name, Turn off the antivirus software and its firewall.

Ping the laptop using ping IP. Address.

To share a folder in a drive, go to 'share with' option on the task bar at the top, select ' with every one', and enjoy sharing the different files and folders.

Physical Implementation:

Host computer: 

Host Name: sufyan 

IP Address: 192.168.1.101

 

Guest computer:

Guest Name: hashim

IP Addresss: 192.168.1.102

r

assign the value of IP and GATEWAY of both laptops in such away that the IP of one is the GATEWAY of another and GATEWAY of one laptop become the the IP of another.

 

 

Australia released satellite images of destroyed Malaysian Air Line objects in Indian Ocean

indian ocean 

indian ocean 

1. 
   Australia take the image of MH370 from satellite and release it , pieces of destroyed MH370 has been found in indian ocean and send four army jet to view the destroyed pieces  it is found that one pieces is 24 meter and other is 15 meter , for further detail
2. 
   
3. visithttp://www.dailymotion.com/video/x1ijjl9_australia-releases-satellite-images-of-malaysian-air-line-objects-in-indian-ocean_news
4. 
   

Help me in finding Malaysian Airline Flight MH370 (participate in the Public discussion and share your thoughts and view about it)

dear friends u may hear about missing airline of malaysia MH370 , billion of peoples talking about this all over the world, but i have to inform you that not only this airline but also six other air line disappear in this area , the question  is where the airline disappear , even the fastest technologies is unable to find out this airline, some people says it catch fire and destroy , some says its was hijack and steal, some say it is disappear in the barmoda triangle , and some says at drone in the sea , now a days it is thought that UFO taken it , we are working on this whole tregedy and not only on this air line but six other air line which disappear in 1985, 2009, 1995.  if any one has some ideas about MH370 , share with us so that we get more knowledge and drive a conclusion,

we are waiting for your comments and thoughts,  

for more detail visit these links and share your view with us australia-releases-satellite-images-of-malays-in-indian-ocean_news

Designing of touch switches

hai there , this projects is performed by electrical engineering student in UET peshawar pakistan, at the end of semester , i have a copy of it and this is in png format to study it download each image and study it .

Method of calculating Non-polarized capacitors value

when you are using ceramic non polarize and you do not know its value here is the simplest method of finding out capacitors values in Farad from its number written on each capacitors.

lets explain it in an example

if u have a non polarize capacitor and its marking value written on it is 104 as shown in the figure,

its means that its value of capacitance in Farad(unit) is 

104= 10+4 zeros =10,0000 

that is 104 means that a 10 and four more zeros with it 

so it become 10,0000 which must be in pico farad so 104=100000pF.

   

UFO

UFO  means unidentified flying objects , this name referred to an object that fly in the sky whose  identity  cannot be determined. civilian and military research shows sight of UFOS since World War II , but the news of UFO in the sky gain popularity in 1947 when a pilot seen a UFO during his flight. the pilot describe that it looked like a flying saucer or like a disc and after that new many people claim to have seen UFOs in similar in shape. till now ,many theories have been  afloat on the existence and non existence of UFOs, but still the physical proof of its existences has not been verified.

you may also like 

1 real ufos and aliens

2 Are UFOs real

skin is the largest organ of our body which is  the outermost layer of our body , healthy skin give you a healthy look , and make you attractive , give shape,and is made of epidermis and dermis layer, these layer protect our body from external environment  and serve is a permeable membrane that allow some useful particle to flow inside our body through it , and stop entering some bigger particle which is harmful to our body, so by using some home make skin care  solution can be easily absorbed and keep it self healthy, skin contain protein gland that secrete protein that make our skin oily and some sweat glands that keep our body temperature normal and play important role in osmoregulation of the body( the maintain of solute and solvent level in a body is called osmoregulation) skin colour and its type depend upon climate and environment temperature , so it is necessary to take care of skin because it is a sensitive organ and can give u better look if you take a care of it-

Most women and man use different oilment and chemical product without examine the skin issue, its disease , or refer to some beautician , its very dangerous to use the chemical without examine your skin , that can make you skin tissue thinner and ageing come earlier ,

skin issue come with different age, season , and with different time of the day.people having oiling skin catch dirt easily due to which pore in the skin block which cause black circle ,acne etc people need to take bath or wash face and hands again and again due to oily skin , environmental pollution is increasing day by day that has a verse effect on skin 

i this article i am trying to explain you all the method of making home made skin care solution that will remove greasy nature of your  skin and will keep your skin healthy, this is specially for women

for healthy skin use these step

1-wash your skin three time a day to remove the oil from it and protect your skin from acne , blocking of pore, remove dirt etc ,  use soap or some face wash two time a day ,and wash your face with warm water in cold weather , after washing your face with water clean it with a clean soft towel 

some homemade beauty tip can also help in removing your skin oil, and keep it fresh

for healthy and fresh skin take a 20gm of glycerin and 10 lemon , mix the glycerin in the lemon water along with the seeds of lemon and keep it in open place for two days , after two day your homemade skin care solution will be ready , wash your skin with soap and apply home made lemon glycerin solution to it , 

apply this two time a day ,one time in the morning and one time before sleep, skin must be wash with soap before using this each time , this will not allow the dirt particle to enter into skin pore and lemon will keep your skin healthy, glycerin lemon solution can also as a sun block that  will protect your skin from UV radiation , vitamin  c in the lemon will be absorbed in the pore of the skin , which help in keeping your skin healthy , you can also use orange instead of lemon , quantity of lemon juice or orange juice must be in such amount that neither keep your glycerin viscous nor too thinner ,

by taking fruits that are vitamin c richer egg orange , and natural cow milk can also keep your healthy

similarly to prevent your skin mix almond oil instead of glycerin with few drop of lemon or orange juice and apply it to your face , keep doing this for a month and you will see the result

 dear reader if u want to know more about it , u can ask here in comments box or can mail me directly, homemade almond lemon skin care solution , glycerin orange solution is available with us , if some one need it can order on my mail  muradalishah57@yahoo.com 

for more information call on +923329473428

zeppelin

zeppelin, is the most awesome wonder of 20th century , it is a gas filled airship ,  and it was name on the base of its pioneer name count Ferdinned von Zeppelin. difference between  other airship and Zeppelin is its metal alloy skeleton , and due to this alloy skeleton its able Zeppelin to carry heavy load and fitted with a more powerful engine,

the first Zeppelin , named LZI , flown in the year 1900, this was the birth of modern airplanes.

in world war 1 .

 zeppelins were used by militry , the biggest ever made was by Hindenburg and its size was almost the size of Titanic.

dear friends to know more about Zeppelin click these links below 

1 zeppelin

2airships

 dear friends and readers follow us to know more about technologies and to know more about wounder of the worlds.

Concorde a wounder of technology

concord is a  turbojet-powered supersonic passenger air craft , was first launched in the year 1969 and was the product of Anglo-French collaboration, its top speed is 1350 mph and retired in 2003, concord start its regular services in 1976, a fleet of 20 such aircraft served for 27 years, stunning one and all with its record breaking speed, flying long distance routes at less than half  the time taken by other aircraft , its become very favourite of business tycoons and celebrities alike, as flying in it was  a time saving. its manufacturer are BAC and Sud_Aviation

until now concorde remain an icon of aviation and that why everything which move fast is name is concorde

for further studies follow these links 

 1 concord google

  2 concord crash and images