Wounder of the Nature

Nature has large selection of wounder in the form of rivers, mountain, rocks, forest, etc, many of it is very beautiful and situated in many parts of the earth, earth is also a wounder of the nature , some of the wounder on the earth are.

1. fraset islands  located in southern coast of Queensland Australia.
   
2. The great Barriet Reef located in the Coral sea cost of Queenland in Australia.
   
3. Milford sound located in New zealand 
   
4. Ayres Rock located in southern part of central Australia.
5. Mount Thot in canada 
   
6. cathedral grove located in british colombia canada
7. Mauna kea in united state of america situated in Hawaii mountain
   
8. red rocks part in united state of america 
9. niagara fall in canada .
   
10. grand canyon in united state of america 
    
11. iguazu waterfalls in argentina 
    
12. torres del paine in chile
    
13. Angel falls in canaima national part in bolivar state venezuela border brazil.it the tallest waterfall in the world.
14. rio de janeito harbout in brazil 
    
15. Uyuni salts flats in bolivia.
    
16. colca canyon in peru 
    
17. kaieteur falls in Guiana the world largest single drops waterfalls.
    
18. victoria falls situated in zambezi river.
19. blue lakes in liberia.
    
20. rock formation of cappadocia in turtey
21. blue grotto in italy 
22. strokkut located in the geothermic of iceland .
23. ochtinskai aragonite in cave slovakia in the village of ochtina
    
24. giant,s causeway ireland the most famous landmark.
    
25. the midnight sun 
    
26. polar night 
    
27. caspian sea in border of russia and iran
    
28. fingal,s cave scotland in the island off staffa.
    
29. sahara desert of africa the greatest desert in Arabic, the hotest desert in the world.
    
30. serengeti Migration in Tamzania and kenya the oldest ecosystems on earth,
    
31. The Himalayas in Nepal
    
32. Great Banyan tree in india located in botanical gardens of shibpur in kolkaata.
    
33. chocolate hills in philip
    
34. Dead sea in jordan 
    
35. Neelakkurinji in india 
    
36. jeita in grotto in lebanon 
    
37. Ramon cratet israel 
    
38. magnetic hills in LEH Ladakh in northern in india which is like a magnets and attractive in nature
    
39. cox,s bazar bangladen in south of chittagong 
    
40. flaming cliffs in mangolia in gobi desert 
    
    
    

Spark

A spark is a triggered , which is produced when electric field strength is greater then the dielectric field strength of  a medium such that it over come it .

spark result increase in the number of free electrons and ions, due to which air become temporary electrical conductor , this process is known is dielectric breakdown.

spark can cause high explosion eg, methane gas explosion due to spark

spark are of various size , it may small or may be large which strike between clouds and ground.

and is of 100 million volts, 

BY .....DR Muhammad Naeem Arbab uet peshawar kpk pakisatan 

solar system

The potential for solar system is enormous, foe instance, it is estimated that about 1% of the area of sahara Desert covered with solar thermal power plant would theoretically be sufficient to meet the entire global demand of electrical energy , therefor the solar thermal power system will  play an important rule in the global future electricity supply, the largest cost involve in solar thermal power plant is the initial capital cost to build the plant rather than operating costs.solar thermal  plant have the added advantages over photovoltaic electric generation in that it is possible to generate electricity during unfavorable weather and its at night using heat exchange system the vast amount of heat transfer fluid circulating in the solar field already represent a considerable storage capacity which can bridge short term cloudy case.

however ,due to poor part load behavior of solar thermal power , such power plant should been installed in region with a minimum of around 2000 full load hours . this is the case in region with direct normal irradiance of more than 2000kwh/meter square ,these irradiance values can be found in the earth sunbelt, thermal storage can increase thes number of full load hours significantly.

code for the generation of signals in matlab

Dear friends generation of signals in matlab is very simple method once you understand the code you can easily plot any kind of signal for your engineering works etc , here is some code and prepare plot signals along with diagram, read it carefully and try to understand each and every point of it,

PLOTTING A CONTINUOUS TIME COMPLEX EXPONENTIAL SIGNAL

 

c=10;

f=5;

ph=pi/2;

T=1/f;

t=0:T/40:10*T; %10 cycles

x=c*cos(2*pi*f*t+ph);

a=input('enter 1,0 or -1;a='); %enter either positive, negative, zero

y=exp(a*t);

z=y.*x;

plot(t,z),

xlabel('t'),

ylabel('z'),

title('PLOTTING A CONTINUOUS TIME COMPLEX EXPONENTIAL SIGNAL'),

grid on

 

   

TASK-3:

TO PLOT A PIECE-WISE SIGNAL

%for first segment

t0=-2:0.01:0;

x0=t0;

%for second segment

t1=0:0.01:3;

x1=4*ones(size(t1));

%for third segment

t2=3:0.01:4;

x2=-3*t2+4;

x=[x0 x1 x2 ];

t=[t0 t1 t2 ];

plot(t,x,'red','linewidth',3);

xlabel('time');

ylabel('x(t)');

title('PLOTTING PIECEWISE CONTINUOUS TIME SIGNAL');

axis([-3 4 -10 5]);

grid on;

 

TASK-4:

TIME TRANSFORMATION OFF A PIECE WISE SIGNAL

%for first segment

t0=-2:0.01:0;

x0=t0;

%for second segment

t1=0:0.01:3;

x1=4*ones(size(t1));

%for third segment

t2=3:0.01:4;

x2=-3*t2+4;

x=[x0 x1 x2 ];

t=[t0 t1 t2 ];

subplot(2,1,1),

plot(t,x,'red','linewidth',5), 

xlabel('time'),

ylabel('x(t)'),

title('TIME TRANSFORMATION OF CT SIGNAL(ORIGINAL SIGNAL)'),

grid on,

axis([-4 8 -10 5]);

%TIME TRANSFORMATION (Shifting, Scaling, Reversal)

t4=-2*t+4;

subplot(2,1,2),

plot(t4,x,'black','linewidth',5),

xlabel('time'),

ylabel('x(t)'),

title('TIME TRANSFORMATION OF CT SIGNAL(TRANSFORMED SIGNAL)'),

grid on,

axis([-4 8 -10 5]);

 

TASK-5:

3D PLOT OF  CONTINUOUS TIME EXPONENTIAL SIGNAL

t=0:0.0001:10;

x=20*exp(i*5*t);

subplot(2,2,1),

plot(t,real(x)),

xlabel('time'),

ylabel('real part'),

title('PLOTTING REAL PART');

subplot(2,2,2),

plot(t,imag(x)),

xlabel('time'),

ylabel('imag part'),

title('PLOTTING IMAGINARY PART');

subplot(2,2,3),

plot(t,x),

xlabel('time'),

ylabel('x'),

title('PLOTTING(X)');

subplot(2,2,4),

plot3(real(x),imag(x),t),

xlabel('real part'),

ylabel('imag part'),

zlabel('time'),

title('3D PLOT OF A CONTINUOUS TIME SIGNAL');

 TASK-6:

A)PLOTTING  CONTINUOUS TIME SQUARE WAVE USING FOURIER SERIES

B)PLOTTING CONTINUOUS TIME TRIANGULAR WAVE USING FOURIER SERIES

% Square Wave

t=-10:0.001:10;

dc=1/2;

sum=0;

for k=1:2:200;

    sum=sum+(3/(k*pi))*sin(k*t);

end

x=sum+dc;

subplot(2,1,1),

plot(t,x),

xlabel('time'),

ylabel('magnitude'),

title('square wave'),

 

%Triangular Wave

t=0:0.01:5;

sum=0;

for k=1:2:200;

    sum=sum+(-16/(k^2*pi^2))*cos(6*pi*k*t);

end

subplot(2,1,2),

plot(t,sum),

xlabel('time'),

ylabel('magnitude'),

title('triangular wave')

 

 

 

TASK-7:

SOLVING DERIVATIVES, INTEGRALS & DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

% DERIVATIVE

syms x a b c f 

f=3*x^3-4*x^2+6*x-3;

a=diff(f,x)

b=diff(a,x)

c=diff(b,x)

RESULT:

%a = 9*x^2 - 8*x + 6

%b = 18*x - 8

%c = 18

% PARTIAL DERIVATIVE

f=x^2*y+x*y^3-x^3+y^2;

a=diff(f,x)

b=diff(f,y)

RESULT:

%a = - 3*x^2 + 2*x*y + y^3

%b =  x^2 + 3*x*y^2 + 2*y

%INTEGRALS

PART-A:

f=3*x^3-4*x^2+5*x-3;

a=int(f,x)

b=int(f,x,0,5)

RESULT:

% a = (3*x^4)/4 - (4*x^3)/3 + (5*x^2)/2 - 3*x

% b = 4195/12

PART-B:

f=cos(x)*sin(y);

a=int(f,x,pi/2,pi)

b=int(a,y,0,2*pi)

RESULT:

 % a = -sin(y)

 % b = 0

%DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION

PART-A:

d=dsolve('D2y+3*Dy+2=sin(t)','t')

RESULT:

% d =C18 - (2*t)/3 - (3*cos(t))/10 - sin(t)/10 + C19/exp(3*t) + 2/9

PART-B:

f=dsolve('3*D2y+4*Dy=sin(t)','t')

RESULT:

%f =C25 - (4*cos(t))/25 - (3*sin(t))/25 + C26/exp((4*t)/3)

PART-C:

g=dsolve('D2y+2*Dy+3=sin(x)','y(0)=0','x')

RESULT:

%g =C30/exp(2*x) - (3*x)/2 - (2*cos(x))/5 - sin(x)/5 - C30 + 2/5

TASK-8:

EVALUATING LAPLACE TRANSFORM AND Z-TRANSFORMS

% LAPLACE TRANSFORM

>> syms f a t F  C b

f=exp(-a*t)*heaviside(t); 

// heaviside(t), 0 for t<0, 1 for t>0 and 0.5 for t==0

F=laplace(f)

RESULT:

% F = 1/(a + s)

>> syms x h t X H Y y

x=sin(t);

h=10*exp(10*t);

X=laplace(x)

H=laplace(h)

Y=H*X;

y=ilaplace(Y) // inverse laplace 

RESULT:

% X = 1/(s^2 + 1)

%H  = 10/(s - 10)

%y  =(10*exp(10*t))/101 - (10*cos(t))/101 - (100*sin(t))/101

% z-transform

>>syms x h X H Y y a n

x=a^n;

h=b^(-n);

X=ztrans(x)

RESULT:

% X = -z/(a - z)

TASK-9:

DISCRETE TIME SIGNAL 

PLOTTING

 % DISCRETE TIME SEQUENCE

n=-4:4;

x=[9 1 -2 4 -5 6 -1 7 -8];

stem(n,x);

xlabel('time(sampled)');

ylabel('magnitude');

title('DT Sequence');

axis([-5 5 -10 10]);

 

% DISCRETE TIME EXPONENTIAL SIGNAL (n>=0)

% case 01(a>1)

c=2;

a=5;

n=0:15;

x=c*a.^n;

subplot(3,2,1);

stem(n,x,'linewidth',2);

xlabel('time(sampled)');

ylabel('magnitude');

title('DT exponential signal when a>1');

grid on;

%case 02(0<a<1)

c=2;

a=0.5;

n=0:15;

x=c*a.^n;

subplot(3,2,3);

stem(n,x,'linewidth',2);

xlabel('time(sampled)');

ylabel('magnitude');

title('DT exponential signal when 0<a<1');

grid on;

%case 03(a=1)

c=2;

a=1;

n=0:15;

x=c*a.^n;

subplot(3,2,5)

stem(n,x,'linewidth',2);

xlabel('time(sampled)');

ylabel('magnitude');

title('DT exponential signal when a=1');

grid on;

%case 04(a<-1)

c=4;

a=-2;

n=0:60;

x=c*a.^n;

subplot(3,2,2);

stem(n,x,'linewidth',2);

xlabel('time(sampled)');

ylabel('magnitude');

title('DT exponential signal when a<-1');

grid on;

%case 05(-1<a<0)

c=2;

a=-0.5;

n=0:30;

x=c*a.^n;

subplot(3,2,4);

stem(n,x,'linewidth',2);

xlabel('time(sampled)');

ylabel('magnitude');

title('DT exponential signal when -1<a<0');

grid on;

%case 06(a=-1)

c=2;

a=-1;

n=0:15;

x=c*a.^n;

subplot(3,2,6)

stem(n,x,'linewidth',2);

xlabel('time(sampled)');

ylabel('magnitude');

title('DT exponential signal when a=-1');

grid on;

 

% DISCRETE TIME EXPONENTIAL SIGNAL (n<=0)

% case 01(a>1)

c=2;

a=5;

n=-15:0;

x=c*a.^-n;

subplot(3,2,1);

stem(n,x,'linewidth',2);

xlabel('time(sampled)');

ylabel('magnitude');

title('DT exponential signal when a>1');

grid on;

%case 02(0<a<1)

c=2;

a=0.5;

n=-15:0;

x=c*a.^-n;

subplot(3,2,3);

stem(n,x,'linewidth',2);

xlabel('time(sampled)');

ylabel('magnitude');

title('DT exponential signal when 0<a<1');

grid on;

%case 03(a=1)

c=2;

a=1;

n=-15:0;

x=c*a.^-n;

subplot(3,2,5)

stem(n,x,'linewidth',2);

xlabel('time(sampled)');

ylabel('magnitude');

title('DT exponential signal when a=1');

grid on;

%case 04(a<-1)

c=4;

a=-2;

n=-60:0;

x=c*a.^-n;

subplot(3,2,2);

stem(n,x,'linewidth',2);

xlabel('time(sampled)');

ylabel('magnitude');

title('DT exponential signal when a<-1');

grid on;

%case 05(-1<a<0)

c=2;

a=-0.5;

n=-30:0;

x=c*a.^-n;

subplot(3,2,4);

stem(n,x,'linewidth',2);

xlabel('time(sampled)');

ylabel('magnitude');

title('DT exponential signal when -1<a<0');

grid on;

%case 06(a=-1)

c=2;

a=-1;

n=-15:0;

x=c*a.^-n;

subplot(3,2,6)

stem(n,x,'linewidth',2);

xlabel('time(sampled)');

ylabel('magnitude');

title('DT exponential signal when a=-1');

grid on;

 

TASK-10:

DISCRETE TIME CONVOLUTION  

n0=0:20;

x=5*(-0.5).^n0;

n1=-10:5;

h=(2/3).^n;

n2=-20:10;

y1=conv(x,h);

y=y1(1:length(n2));

subplot(3,1,1);

stem(n0,x);

xlabel('time(sampled)');

ylabel('magnitude x(n)');

title('input signal');

grid on;

subplot(3,1,2);

stem(n1,h);

xlabel('time(sampled)');

ylabel('magnitude h(n)');

title('transfer function h(n)');

grid on;

subplot(3,1,3);

stem(n2,y);

xlabel('time(sampled)');

ylabel('magnitude y(n)');

title('output signal');

grid on;

 

TASK-11:

CONTINUOUS TIME CONVOLUTION  

t=0:0.01:10;

x=ones(1,length(t));

h=2*exp(-1*t);

y1=conv(x,h)*0.01; //multiplying with step size

y=y1(1:length(t));

figure(1);

subplot(3,1,1);

plot(t,x);

xlabel('time');

ylabel('x(t)');

title('convolution of continuous time signal');

subplot(3,1,2);

plot(t,h);

xlabel('time');

ylabel('h(t)');

subplot(3,1,3);

plot(t,y);

xlabel('time');

ylabel('y(t)');

title('convolved signal')

grid on;

 

PLOTTING A CONTINUOUS TIME SINUSIOD

To plot a continuous time sinusiodal copy this code and paste it in installed matlab sofware, run the program you will get wave given below in the diagram.

%PART-A

a=10;

f=1000;

ph=pi/2;

T=1/f;

t=0:T/40:10*T; %10 cycles

x=a*sin(2*pi*f*t+ph);

plot(t,x),

xlabel('t'),

ylabel('x'),

title('PLOTTING A CONTINUOUS TIME SINUSIOD'),

grid on

%PART-B

a=10;

f=1000;

ph=pi/2;

T=1/f;

t=0:T/40:10*T; %10 cycles

x=a*cos(2*pi*f*t+ph);

plot(t,x),

xlabel('t'),

ylabel('x'),

title('PLOTTING A CONTINUOUS TIME SINUSIOD'),

grid on

How to generate DISCRETE TIME CONVOLUTION in matlabs,

DISCRETE TIME CONVOLUTION  
n0=0:20;
x=5*(-0.5).^n0;
n1=-10:5;
h=(2/3).^n;
n2=-20:10;
y1=conv(x,h);
y=y1(1:length(n2));
subplot(3,1,1);
stem(n0,x);
xlabel('time(sampled)');
ylabel('magnitude x(n)');
title('input signal');
grid on;
subplot(3,1,2);
stem(n1,h);
xlabel('time(sampled)');
ylabel('magnitude h(n)');
title('transfer function h(n)');
grid on;
subplot(3,1,3);
stem(n2,y);
xlabel('time(sampled)');
ylabel('magnitude y(n)');
title('output signal');
grid on;

Universal OBD-II Scan Tool

my this article is about a project perform by these group members at university of  engineering and technology which is used to find out that which part of the vehicle is not working , without wasting time in a short time, these students belong to computer system department and perform this project, its detail is given in my previous article,http://mobilezonex.blogspot.com/2014/05/how-to-find-out-fault-in-cars-in-seconds.html

Supervisor:  

Group Members:

Shawkat Ali  

  Amjad Ali   , Dr. Laiq Hassan  

     Saba Kanwal   

       Maria Shoukat   

CONTENTS

OVERVIEW

IMPLEMENTATION

RESULTS

FUTURE WORK

OVERVIEW

On-Board Diagnostics-II. 

Brief history.

Designing such a scanning tool that is compatible with every manufacturer vehicle.

The OBD-II standard connector specifies the type of diagnostic connector and its pin out.

Overview(Conti…)

OBD-II

Design hardware using  STN1110 IC

Interface STN1110 with pc via UART using Max232

Interface with DLC for compatibility with different vehicles

Apply for vehicle telemetry

Vehicle performance optimization

IMPLEMENTATION

Final schematic and design on PCB. 

The schematic was designed using Proteus software. 

Hardware design on Breadboard.

Testing hardware using different OBDII complaint vehicles. 

RESULTS

Proteus PCB design. (Completed) 

Hardware design.      (Completed)

Hardware testing.      (in progress)

ERP module.       (In progress)

Results (Conti…)

Results (Conti…)

Results (Conti…)

Results (Conti…)

FUTURE WORK

Hardware testing. 

ERP module Development & Testing.

Debug the whole project.

        GANTT CHART

Q’s IF ANY?????