zeppelin

zeppelin, is the most awesome wonder of 20th century , it is a gas filled airship ,  and it was name on the base of its pioneer name count Ferdinned von Zeppelin. difference between  other airship and Zeppelin is its metal alloy skeleton , and due to this alloy skeleton its able Zeppelin to carry heavy load and fitted with a more powerful engine,

the first Zeppelin , named LZI , flown in the year 1900, this was the birth of modern airplanes.

in world war 1 .

 zeppelins were used by militry , the biggest ever made was by Hindenburg and its size was almost the size of Titanic.

dear friends to know more about Zeppelin click these links below 

1 zeppelin

2airships

 dear friends and readers follow us to know more about technologies and to know more about wounder of the worlds.

Concorde a wounder of technology

concord is a  turbojet-powered supersonic passenger air craft , was first launched in the year 1969 and was the product of Anglo-French collaboration, its top speed is 1350 mph and retired in 2003, concord start its regular services in 1976, a fleet of 20 such aircraft served for 27 years, stunning one and all with its record breaking speed, flying long distance routes at less than half  the time taken by other aircraft , its become very favourite of business tycoons and celebrities alike, as flying in it was  a time saving. its manufacturer are BAC and Sud_Aviation

until now concorde remain an icon of aviation and that why everything which move fast is name is concorde

for further studies follow these links 

 1 concord google

  2 concord crash and images

Temperature sensor (engineering project) digital thermometer

A digital thermometer can be made by interfacing a temperature sensor to a micro controller AT89C51, the temperature sensor used in this project is LM35. the variation in temperature is converted into to 10mV voltage signal that is received by analogue to digital convertor IC ADC0804 which convert it into 8-bit binary data, and serves as an input to the AT89C51. the LCD interfaced with other port of micro controller display the temperature in Fahrenheit.

project layout and the use of ic

LM35:

It is basically a transducer – a device used to convert some physical quantity in to some measurable electrical quantity for example current, voltage, capacitance or inductance depending on the circumstances. LM35 that is used in this project comes in an IC package. It has 3 pins. 2 are used for the power supply while the remaining one is used to pass on the voltage difference of 10mV produced by varying quantity. So its resolution is 10mV. The temperature in it directly proportional to change in temperature so any change in temperature is only detected if it hits the 10mV limit otherwise no change is experienced.

ADC0804:

 is a very commonly used 8-bit analog to digital convertor. It is a single channel IC, i.e., it can take only one analog signal as input. The digital outputs vary from 0 to a maximum of 255. The step size can be adjusted by setting the reference voltage at pin9. When this pin is not connected, the default reference voltage is the operating voltage, i.e., Vcc. The step size at 5V is 19.53mV (5V/255), i.e., for every 19.53mV rise in the analog input, the output varies by 1 unit. To set a particular voltage level as the reference value, this pin is connected to half the voltage. For example, to set a reference of 4V (Vref), pin9 is connected to 2V (Vref/2), thereby reducing the step size to 15.62mV (4V/255). ADC0804 needs a clock to operate. The time taken to convert the analog value to digital value is dependent on this clock source. An external clock can be given at the Clock IN pin. ADC 0804 also has an inbuilt clock which can be used in absence of external clock. A suitable RC circuit is connected between the Clock IN and Clock R pins to use the internal clock.

16x2 LCD Display:

CD (Liquid Crystal Display) screen is an electronic display module and find a wide range of applications. A 16x2 LCD display is very basic module and is very commonly used in various devices and circuits. These modules are preferred over seven segments and other multi segment LEDs. The reasons being: LCDs are economical; easily programmable; have no limitation of displaying special & even custom characters (unlike in seven segments), animations and so on.

A 16x2 LCD means it can display 16 characters per line and there are 2 such lines. In this LCD each character is displayed in 5x7 pixel matrix. This LCD has two registers, namely, Command and Data.
The command register stores the command instructions given to the LCD. A command is an instruction given to LCD to do a predefined task like initializing it, clearing its screen, setting the cursor position, controlling display etc. The data register stores the data to be displayed on the LCD. The data is the ASCII value of the character to be displayed on the LCD. Click to learn more about internal structure of a LCD.

Working: 

AT89C51 from the family of 8051 is used as a microcontroller in this embedded system application. Its port 1 is used an input port in order to fetch data from ADC0804. The received data is then converted into ASCII in order to be displayed at the 16x2 LCD which is interfaced at the port 2 of the AT89C51.

Links for detail 

1 digital thermometer
2  google images of digital thermometer
3 list of temperature sensor

To measure phase voltages and currents in a three phase system(engineering students lab report)

Required Components:

AC voltage sources (Vac), resistors (R), voltmeters (Vprint2), ammeters (Iprint), ground (EGnd), and connecting wires.

Circuit Diagram

 this circuit diagram is drawn in pspice  software,you can download free software by clicking links below, to know more about pspice circuit software follow the links below

 

Procedure:

Open Schematics.

Go to get new parts, select and place the required parts. 

Place the components in their appropriate position and if necessary rotate by cntr+r.

Click on draw wire and connect all the elements.

Configure the values of all the placed elements.

Go to analysis, check AC sweep, open it, set total points to 1 and also set the frequency to 50 Hz.

Saves the circuit.

Go to analysis and simulate the circuit.

Go to analysis and examine the results.

Results

**** 01/01/12 20:02:09 *********** Evaluation PSpice (Nov 1999) **************

 * D:\pluto's projects\ckt lab rpt\11.sch

 ****     CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION

******************************************************************************

* Schematics Version 9.1 - Web Update 1

* Sun Jan 01 20:02:06 2012

** Analysis setup **

.ac LIN 1 50 50

.OP 

* From [PSPICE NETLIST] section of pspiceev.ini:

.lib "nom.lib"

.INC "11.net"

**** INCLUDING 11.net ****

* Schematics Netlist *

V_VAB         $N_0001 $N_0002 DC 0V AC 10V 0

V_PRINT2         $N_0003 $N_0004 0V

.PRINT        AC 

+ IM(V_PRINT2) 

+ IP(V_PRINT2)    

V_PRINT3         $N_0002 $N_0005 0V

          

.PRINT        AC 

+ IM(V_PRINT3) 

+ IP(V_PRINT3)    

           

.PRINT         AC 

+ VM([$N_0006],[0]) 

+ VP([$N_0006],[0])    

           

.PRINT         AC 

+ VM([$N_0004],[0]) 

+ VP([$N_0004],[0])    

R_RAB         $N_0001 $N_0007  1u  

R_RCA         $N_0008 $N_0007  1u  

R_RaN         0 $N_0006  1k  

R_RbN         $N_0005 0  1k  

R_RcN         $N_0004 0  1k  

           

.PRINT         AC 

+ VM([$N_0005],[0]) 

+ VP([$N_0005],[0])    

V_PRINT1         $N_0007 $N_0006 0V

          

.PRINT        AC 

+ IM(V_PRINT1) 

+ IP(V_PRINT1)    

R_RBC         $N_0002 $N_0009  1u  

V_VBC         $N_0009 $N_0003 DC 0V AC 10V -120

V_VCA         $N_0003 $N_0008 DC 0V AC 10V 120

**** 01/01/12 20:02:09 *********** Evaluation PSpice (Nov 1999) **************

 * D:\pluto's projects\ckt lab rpt\11.sch

 ****     SMALL SIGNAL BIAS SOLUTION       TEMPERATURE =   27.000 DEG C

******************************************************************************

 NODE   VOLTAGE     NODE   VOLTAGE     NODE   VOLTAGE     NODE   VOLTAGE

($N_0001)    0.0000                   ($N_0002)    0.0000                       

($N_0003)    0.0000                   ($N_0004)    0.0000                       

($N_0005)    0.0000                   ($N_0006)    0.0000                       

($N_0007)    0.0000                   ($N_0008)    0.0000                       

($N_0009)    0.0000                   

    VOLTAGE SOURCE CURRENTS

    NAME         CURRENT

    V_VAB        0.000E+00

    V_PRINT2     0.000E+00

    V_PRINT3     0.000E+00

    V_PRINT1     0.000E+00

    V_VBC        0.000E+00

    V_VCA        0.000E+00

    TOTAL POWER DISSIPATION   0.00E+00  WATTS

**** 01/01/12 20:02:09 *********** Evaluation PSpice (Nov 1999) **************

 * D:\pluto's projects\ckt lab rpt\11.sch

 ****     OPERATING POINT INFORMATION      TEMPERATURE =   27.000 DEG C

******************************************************************************

**** 01/01/12 20:02:09 *********** Evaluation PSpice (Nov 1999) **************

 * D:\pluto's projects\ckt lab rpt\11.sch

 ****     AC ANALYSIS                      TEMPERATURE =   27.000 DEG C

******************************************************************************

  FREQ        IM(V_PRINT2)IP(V_PRINT2)

   5.000E+01   5.774E-03   9.000E+01

**** 01/01/12 20:02:09 *********** Evaluation PSpice (Nov 1999) **************

 * D:\pluto's projects\ckt lab rpt\11.sch

 ****     AC ANALYSIS                      TEMPERATURE =   27.000 DEG C

******************************************************************************

  FREQ        IM(V_PRINT3)IP(V_PRINT3)

   5.000E+01   5.774E-03  -1.500E+02

**** 01/01/12 20:02:09 *********** Evaluation PSpice (Nov 1999) **************

 * D:\pluto's projects\ckt lab rpt\11.sch

 ****     AC ANALYSIS                      TEMPERATURE =   27.000 DEG C

******************************************************************************

  FREQ        VM($N_0006,0)VP($N_0006,0)

   5.000E+01   5.774E+00  -3.000E+01

**** 01/01/12 20:02:09 *********** Evaluation PSpice (Nov 1999) **************

 * D:\pluto's projects\ckt lab rpt\11.sch

 ****     AC ANALYSIS                      TEMPERATURE =   27.000 DEG C

******************************************************************************

  FREQ        VM($N_0004,0)VP($N_0004,0)

   5.000E+01   5.774E+00   9.000E+01

**** 01/01/12 20:02:09 *********** Evaluation PSpice (Nov 1999) **************

 * D:\pluto's projects\ckt lab rpt\11.sch

 ****     AC ANALYSIS                      TEMPERATURE =   27.000 DEG C

******************************************************************************

  FREQ        VM($N_0005,0)VP($N_0005,0)

   5.000E+01   5.774E+00  -1.500E+02

**** 01/01/12 20:02:09 *********** Evaluation PSpice (Nov 1999) **************

 * D:\pluto's projects\ckt lab rpt\11.sch

 ****     AC ANALYSIS                      TEMPERATURE =   27.000 DEG C

******************************************************************************

  FREQ        IM(V_PRINT1)IP(V_PRINT1)

   5.000E+01   5.774E-03  -3.000E+01

JOB CONCLUDED

TOTAL JOB TIME             .02

          

pspice free download links

 1 free download 9.2 version students pspice

 2  pspice free download software from softonic

To study the RLC ringing circuit

Required Components:

DC voltage Source (Vdc), Resistor (R), Capacitor (C), Inductor (L), normally closed switch (sw_topen), Ground (Gnd) and connecting wires.

Circuit Diagram

 this circuit diagram is drawn in pspice  software,you can download free software by clicking links below, to know more about pspice circuit software follow the links below

 

Procedure:

Open Schematics.

Go to get new parts, select and place the required components. 

Click on draw wire and connect all the elements.

Configure the values of all the placed elements.

Go to analysis   setup check transient.

Open transient  set print step and step ceiling to 1us, final time to 4ms and print delay to 0s.

Saves the circuit.

Don’t skip initial transient solution.

Go to analysis and simulate the circuit.

Go to OrCad window  Trace  Add Trace  I(C), V(C), I(L), V(L).

View the waveform.

Result

pspice free download links

1 psipce software free download version 9.2

2 pspice software free download softonic

 

 

To study the RLC transient circuit( engineering student lab report)

Required Components:

DC voltage Source (Vdc), Resistors (R), Capacitor (C), Inductor (L), normally closed switch (sw_topen), Ground (Gnd) and connecting wires.

Circuit Diagram

 this circuit diagram is drawn in pspice  software,you can download free software by clicking links below, to know more about pspice circuit software follow the links below

 

Procedure:

Open Schematics.

Go to get new parts, select and place the required components. 

Click on draw wire and connect all the elements.

Configure the values of all the placed elements.

Go to analysis   setup check transient.

Open transient  set print step and step ceiling to 1us, final time to 16ms and print delay to 0s.

Saves the circuit.

Don’t skip initial transient solution.

Go to analysis and simulate the circuit.

Go to OrCad window  Trace  Add Trace  I(C), V(C), I(L), V(L).

View the waveform.

Result

 

To study the RC transient circuit

Required Components:

DC voltage Source (Vdc), Resistor (R), Capacitor (C), normally open switch (sw_tclose), Ground (Gnd) and connecting wires.

Circuit Diagram

 his circuit diagram is drawn in pspice  software,you can download free software by clicking links below, to know more about pspice circuit software follow the links below

Procedure:

Open Schematics.

Go to get new parts, select and place the required components. 

Click on draw wire and connect all the elements.

Configure the values of all the placed elements.

Go to analysis   setup check transient.

Open transient  set print step and step ceiling to .5us, final time to 1ms and print delay to 0s.

Saves the circuit.

Go to analysis and simulate the circuit.

Go to OrCad window  Trace  Add Trace  I(C), V(C).

View the waveform.

Result